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Why Bell Potter rates these ASX dividend shares as key buysIn a stunning display of computational power, Google’s latest 105-qubit ‘Willow’ quantum chip has outpaced the world’s most sophisticated supercomputers. ‘Willow’ solved in minutes what would take the fastest supercomputers over a quadrillion lifetimes of the universe to figure out. Additionally, the advanced chip showcases an exceptional ability to manage quantum noise, significantly reducing error rates as the system expands. This vital development improves the fidelity of quantum calculations and makes it possible to tackle larger, more complex problems with unprecedented accuracy. Despite these achievements, experts note that Willow remains in the experimental phase, with the full spectrum of its capabilities yet to unfold in tackling real-world applications. Major breakthroughs with Willow Exponential reduction in error rates Willow, Google’s latest quantum chip , is a major leap in addressing one of the intrinsic challenges of quantum computing, the issue of error rates. As quantum systems scale, the number of qubits increases, typically heightening the probability of errors, which can disrupt the accuracy of computations. Quantum computers are inherently “noisy,” meaning that without advanced error-correction technologies, every one in 1,000 qubits, the fundamental building blocks of a quantum computer, fails. This noise significantly limits how long qubits can remain in a superposition state, which is crucial for parallel processing calculations. However, Willow has demonstrated an ability to exponentially reduce error rates by adding more qubits. This breakthrough has been achieved through advanced quantum error correction techniques, which allow the system to handle larger arrays of qubits from a 3×3 grid to a 5×5 and, finally, a 7×7 grid while continually halving the error rate with each increase in scale. By contrast, in conventional computing, every one in 1 billion billion bits fails. This achievement overcomes a barrier that has persisted since quantum error correction was conceptualized by Peter Shor in 1995 and makes quantum computers less error-prone as they scale up. Performance on RCS benchmark Willow’s efficacy is dramatically highlighted by its performance on the Random Circuit Sampling (RCS) benchmark, a pivotal test for quantum computing capabilities. This benchmark is one of the most challenging for quantum processors and serves as a litmus test to determine whether quantum systems can outperform classical computers on specific tasks. RCS measures if a quantum computer can solve infeasible problems for classical systems, setting a high bar for genuine quantum superiority. In a recent demonstration, Willow completed a computation in less than five minutes that, based on conservative estimates, would take one of today’s most advanced classical supercomputers, Frontier , about 10 septillion years to solve. To put this into perspective, that time—10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 years—far exceeds the current estimated age of the universe, underscoring the profound speed at which quantum computing can operate. Hartmut Neven, Founder and Lead of Google Quantum AI reflected on this achievement, stating, “It lends credence to the notion that quantum computation occurs in many parallel universes, in line with the idea that we live in a multiverse, a prediction first made by David Deutsch.” Moreover, Google’s use of RCS to track progress from one chip generation to the next, including previous assessments like the Sycamore results from 2019 and 2024, indicates a significant and accelerating departure from classical computing capabilities. The making of Willow Willow, Google’s advanced quantum chip, was crafted at a state-of-the-art fabrication facility in Santa Barbara, specifically designed for quantum technology. This facility is among a select few worldwide, purpose-built from the ground up to handle the unique challenges of quantum chip production. The engineering of Willow was a holistic endeavor involving the precise integration of various quantum components. Key elements such as single and two-qubit gates, qubit resets, and readouts were seamlessly combined to ensure optimal performance. These components’ success in harmony is crucial, while any lag or misalignment can significantly impact the overall system performance. In the quest for quantum superiority, Google has emphasized quality over quantity. Willow boasts 105 qubits, but the quality of each qubit sets it apart, evident in its performance across rigorous benchmarks like quantum error correction and random circuit sampling. These benchmarks are vital for assessing the chip’s overall performance and have demonstrated Willow’s top-tier capabilities. Notably, Willow has remarkably improved T1 times—measuring how long qubits retain excitation, a critical quantum computing resource. Achieving T1 times approaching 100 microseconds represents approximately a fivefold improvement over previous generations, underlining significant advancements in qubit stability and longevity. Future prospects and challenges Bridging theory and practical application Looking ahead, the challenge for Google and the quantum computing community is transitioning from demonstrating theoretical capabilities to performing computations with tangible real-world applications. Willow aims to achieve the first “useful, beyond-classical” computation that addresses practical problems. While RCS benchmarks and quantum system simulations have demonstrated the potential of quantum computing, they have yet to yield results that directly translate into commercial applications. Google’s goal is to merge these two strands, achieving scientifically significant simulations and developing algorithms that can solve commercially relevant, complex problems currently beyond the reach of classical computers. Invitation to collaborate Google invites researchers, engineers, and developers to join this pioneering journey. Google fosters a collaborative environment through initiatives like open-source software and educational courses on platforms like Coursera. These resources are designed to educate upcoming talents on quantum error correction and algorithm development, further pushing the boundaries of what quantum computing can achieve. As Google continues to refine Willow and develop future generations of quantum chips, the focus remains on overcoming the inherent challenges of quantum computing to unlock a wide range of applications across AI, medicine, and beyond. This journey represents a collaborative effort to transform theoretical quantum mechanics into technology that can revolutionize industries and change our understanding of computation and the universe itself.

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